Comparing the physiological and biochemical parameters of mules and hinnies to horses and donkeys

Mules and hinnies are hybrid offspring from donkeys (Equus asinus) and horses (Equus caballus). Little scientific information is known regarding mules and even less is known about hinnies the reciprocal cross. There have only been a few studies that have attempted to define commonalities and differences of these hybrids especially in terms of comparing and contrasting them to their sires and dams (donkeys and horses). This presentation will take a closer look at hinnies and mules from around the world and how they are used today as well as comparing both physiological and biochemical parameters of these unique creatures while addressing many of the fallacies and myths commonly associated with such equids with special attention being paid to hinnies. Recent studies conducted by the author and colleagues on comparing physiological, haematological, and biochemical parameters of both hinnies and mules from several countries will be shared in this review. In addition, interviews from both hinny and mule owners and breeders from Mexico, Colombia, US, Spain and Portugal will also be included in the presentation for a more comprehensive understanding of behaviour and training and how hinnies and mules are used today (Figure 1). Introduction: Until recently very little scientific research or time has been dedicated to the working equid or beast of burden. Interest from many nongovernmental organizations, charities and some universities with faculty interested in persevering indigenous breeds of donkeys or donkeys being used for milk production have lead to an increased amount of scientific data found on donkeys. An interest from veterinarians in industrial countries has also increased due to the number of people purchasing donkeys as companion animals and a few for performance or recreational purposes. Veterinarians and owners treating or caring for donkeys generally learn quickly they are not “horses with